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Early social changes under Islam
Many social changes took place under Islam between 610 and 661, including the period of Muhammad's mission and the rule of his four immediate successors who established the Rashidun Caliphate.
Historians generally agree that changes in areas such as social security, family structure, slavery and the rights of women improved on what was present in existing Arab society.〔Watt (1974), p.234〕〔Robinson (2004) p.21〕〔Esposito (1998), p. 98〕〔"Ak̲h̲lāḳ", ''Encyclopaedia of Islam Online''〕〔 For example, according to Lewis, Islam "from the first denounced aristocratic privilege, rejected hierarchy, and adopted a formula of the career open to the talents."〔
==Advent of Islam==
Bernard Lewis believes that the advent of Islam was a revolution which only partially succeeded due to tensions between the new religion and very old societies that the Muslims conquered. He thinks that one such area of tension was a consequence of what he sees as the egalitarian nature of Islamic doctrine. Islam from the first denounced aristocratic privilege, rejected hierarchy, and adopted a formula of the career open to the talents. Lewis however notes that the equality in Islam was restricted to free adult male Muslims, but even that "represented a very considerable advance on the practice of both the Greco-Roman and the ancient Iranian world."〔
Bernard Lewis writes about the significance of Muhammad's achievements:〔Bernard Lewis, ''Arabs in History'', p.45-46〕
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